Development Requires Rational Intellect

Mostafa Malekian, in his book “The Foundations of Rationality in Thought and Practice,” delves into the concept of rationality, distinguishing between theoretical and practical rationality. The initial sections of this book clarify the nature and characteristics of theoretical rationality, while subsequent discussions elaborate on practical rationality. He emphasizes that theoretical rationality pertains to beliefs, while practical rationality is concerned with desires and actions, highlighting that actions are direct outcomes of desires.

Regarding development, Malekian argues that “development, at a glance, is a state or a process that enhances human well-being and improves the quality of human life. However, from a deeper perspective, development has various dimensions: economic, political, social, cultural, and spiritual. These dimensions cannot progress independently; they are interconnected and mutually influential. Therefore, integrated development requires comprehensive and balanced advancement across all these dimensions.”

Highlighting the distinction between development and growth, Malekian writes: “Growth, in essence, signifies an increase in quantity, whereas development denotes a qualitative improvement. Consequently, growth can occur without leading to development. For instance, an economy might experience quantitative growth without achieving true development in its qualitative aspects such as equitable distribution of wealth, poverty reduction, and environmental protection.”

He further adds: “For growth to translate into development, it must be accompanied by qualitative changes, including institutional, structural, and cultural reforms. Economic growth, if not accompanied by the development of human capital, social justice, and environmental sustainability, will not result in true and lasting development.”

According to the author, “development is also a rational and intellectual endeavor. Without intellectual rationality, development cannot be achieved. Intellectual rationality means that all individuals involved in the development process, from policymakers to implementers, should base their decisions on wisdom and reason, avoiding emotional or ideological biases.”

Malekian emphasizes the importance of a rational worldview in development: “The culture of rationality and development signifies that society should possess a rational worldview. This implies that all individuals, from leaders to ordinary citizens, should adhere to rational thinking in their decisions and actions. This worldview helps society make optimal decisions and progress towards sustainable development.”

He concludes by stating, “In a society with a rational worldview, people prioritize logic and evidence over superstition and prejudice. Such a society encourages critical thinking, innovation, and learning from experiences, which are crucial factors for sustainable development.”